Table 7. Moran’s I statistics for momentum effects across cities and districts

Region	Moran’s I	Expected I under null	p-value
Across cities	−0.2718	−0.1667	0.439
Across districts
Seoul	0.0485	−0.0417	0.224
Busan	−0.0614	−0.0667	0.458
Daegu	−0.2949	−0.1429	0.018
Incheon	−0.0234	−0.1250	0.215
Daejeon	−0.3394	−0.2500	0.246
Gwangju	−0.3333	−0.2500	0.153
Ulsan	−0.2266	−0.2500	0.347

Note: Moran’s I measures spatial autocorrelation in estimated momentum effects. For the construction of spatial weights, the number of nearest neighbors was set to k=4 by default. In cases where the number of spatial units was limited (e.g., Ulsan, Daejeon, and Gwangju), the number of neighbors was set to k=3 to ensure a valid weight matrix.